PC1 - Photon Counting Spectrofluorimeter

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Overview
Specifications
Technical Diagrams
Measurement Examples
Accessories
Publications

PC1 is a highly sensitive, compact, computer-controlled Photon Counting Spectrofluorimeter designed for applications in physical chemistry, biochemistry, physiology, neurochemistry, molecular biology, environmental analysis, and immunoassay research.

Key features of PC1 include:

Sensitivity
The compact design optimizes the light path so that the sample compartment receives the maximum possible excitation light. The end result of the compact design is an instrument with an outstanding ability to measure fluorophores with very low quantum yields.
Full Automation
Instrument control and data acquisition are PC-controlled through Vinci. All active instrument components and integrated external devices are displayed on the Instrument Control Window in Vinci. From here, the user has direct remote control over all devices and accessories.
Integration of External Devices
PC1 has the capability to integrate external devices such as a stopped flow accessory, temperature bath, pressure pump, and a titrator. Any of these devices can be directly controlled through Vinci.

Data Reduction Management
Vinci - Multidimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy software acquires data in ASCII format for maximum compatibility with other software packages. Data files can be stored directly on other workstations connected to a local area network.
Upgradability
PC1 is fully upgradable to a time-resolved fluorometer to acquire time-resolved fluorescence and phosphorescence measurements with picosecond resolution. A variety of light sources and other accessories are available for a broad range of applications.

Specifications for PC1

Measurements (Steady-State Fluorescence)	• Electrical Time Resolution down to 8 ps FWHM/5 ps rms • Corrected excitation and emission spectra • Excitation-emission matrices • Polarization (anisotropy) measurements • Millisecond kinetics in photon counting mode • Dual-wavelength-ratiometric excitation or emission measurements
Light Sources	• 300 W high-pressure xenon arc lamp, 45 mW/nm brightness at 275 nm • Lamp power supply: controllable in current, with time meter
Optional Sources	• Laser diodes • Light emitting diodes (LEDs) • Continuous wave lasers (argon-ion, krypton-ion, helium-cadmium, etc.)
Monochromators	Single concave holographic grating Wavelength range: from 200 nm to 1200 nm (dependent on selected grating)
Wavelength Accuracy	±0.2 nm
Wavelength Reproducibility	±0.25 nm
Slew Rate	160 nm/s (optional double grating)
Lenses	UV-grade fused silica lenses
Polarizers	• UV-grade Glan-Thompson, 10x10 mm, L/A=2.0 • UV-grade Glan-Thompson, 14x14 mm, L/A=2.0 • UV-grade Glan-Taylor, 10x10 mm, L/A=2.0 (for high power lasers)
Optical Design and Collection Geometry	• Parallel beam design for precise polarization measurements • T-format for simultaneous acquisition on 2 emission channels
Detectors	• Selected side-on photomultiplier tubes in room-temperature or cooled housing • Emission channels PMTs: Model R928 by Hamamatsu • Reference detector PMT: Model R928 by Hamamatsu • PMT wavelength range: 240-900 nm
Detection Modes	• Photon counting electronics, 10 KHz, on 3 independent channels • Optional: Analog Output
Pre-Amplifier Discriminators	80 MHz bandwidth, TTL output
Dynamic Range	Linear up to 4 million counts/second
Sensitivity	800 fM of fluorescein (with cooled PMT housing)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio	• 2000:1 (room temperature PMT housing) • 6000:1 (cooled PMT housing)
Automation	• Control of 4 shutters • Up to 3 monochromators • 3 polarizers • Sample holder rotation • Stirrers • Filterwheel
Instrument Interface to RS232 Devices	• Titrators • Stopped-flow apparatus • Peltier sample compartment • Flow-through temperature bath
OS Requirements	Windows 10
Power Requirements	Universal power input: 110-240 V, 50/60 Hz, 400 VAC
Dimensions	• 885 mm (L) x 600 mm (W) x 330 mm (H) • With lamp: 885 mm (L) x 835 mm (W) x 330 mm (H)
Weight	40 kg

Schematic Diagram for PC1

Measurement Examples from PC1

Alexa Fluor 555 in Water

Excitation polarization spectrum of Alexa 555 with a polarization value of P = 0.283 for the recommended excitation range for polarization measurements. Data was acquired on PC1T using a 300W Xenon lamp.

Ovalene

The spectrum was acquired using the PC1 with excitation wavelength set at 380 nm. Emission was scanned from 400 nm to 600 nm. Monochromators bandwidth was 8 nm. Images can be exported in jpg, gif, tiff, png, bitmap, and Windows enhanced meta file.

Biochemistry & Molecular Biology (Membranes, Nucleic Acids, Proteins)

	Single Molecule FRET Reveals Pore Size and Opening Mechanism of a Mechano-Sensitive Ion Channel Wang, Y., Liu, Y., DeBerg, H.A., Nomura, T., Tonks Hoffman, M., Rohde, P.R., Schulten, L., Martinac, B., Selvin, P.R. eLife, 2014, 1-21.
	Family of pH (Low) Insertion Peptides for Tumor Targeting. Weerakkody, D., Moshnikova, A., Thakur, M.S., Moshnikova, V., Daniels, J., Engelman, D.M., Andreev, O.A., Reshetnyak, Y.K. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 2013, 110(15), 5834-9.
	Modulation of the pHLIP Transmembrane Helix Insertion Pathway. Karabadzhak, A.G., Weerakkody, D., Wijesinghe, D., Thakur, M.S., Engelman, D.M., Andreev, O.A., Markin, V.S., Reshetnyak, Y.K. Biophys J., 2012, 102(8), 1846-55.
	From the Cover: Side-chain Hydrophobicity Scale Derived From Transmembrane Protein Folding Into Lipid Bilayers Moon, C.P., Fleming, K.G. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2011, 108(25), 10174-7.
	Specificity in DNA Recognition by a Peptide from Papillomavirus E2 Protein Faber-Barata, J., Mohana-Borges, R., Lima, L.M. T.R. FEBS Letters, 2006, 580(8), 1919-1924.
	The Asymmetry in the Mature Amino-Terminus of ClpP Facilitates a Local Symmetry Match in ClpAP and ClpXP Complexes Bewley, M.C., Graziano, V., Griffin, K., Flanagan, J.M. Journal of Structural Biology, 2006, 153(2), 113-128
	Methane Monooxygenase Hydroxylase and B Component Interactions Zhang, J., Wallar, B.J., Popescu, C.V., Renner, D.B., Thomas, D.D., Lipscomb, J.D. Biochemistry, 2006, 45(9), 2913-2926.
	The SRC-3/AIB1 Coactivator Is Degraded in a Ubiquitin- and ATP-Independent Manner by the REGγ Proteasome Li, X., Lonard, D.M., Jung, S.Y., Malovannaya, A., Feng, Q., Qin, J., Tsai, S.Y., Tsai, M.-J., O'Malley, B.W. Cell, 2006, 124(2), 381-392.
	Target Structure-Based Discovery of Small Molecules that Block Human p53 and CREB Binding Protein Association Sachchidanand, Resnick-Silverman, L., Yan, S., Mutjaba, S., Liu, W.-J., Zeng, L., Manfredi J.J., Zhou, M.M. Chemistry & Biology, 2006, 13(1), 81-90.
	Supramolecular Fluorophores for Biological Studies: Phenylene Vinylene-Amino Acid Amphiphiles Harrington, D.A., Behanna, H.A., Tew, G.N., Claussen, R.C., Stupp, S.I. Chemistry & Biology, 2005, 12(10), 1085-1091.
	Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Measurements Are Consistent with a Helical Bundle Model for Lipid-Free Apolipoprotein Brouillette, C.G., Dong, W.-J., Yang, Z.W., Ray, M.J., Protasevich, I.I., Cheung, H.C., Engler, J.A. Biochemistry, 2005, 44(50), 16413-16425.
	Probing the Interior of Peptide Amphiphile Supramolecular Aggregates Tovar, J.D., Claussen, R.C., Stupp, S.I. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127(20), 7337-7345.
	Measurements of Internal Distance Changes of the 30 S Ribosome Using FRET with Multiple Donor-Acceptor Pairs: Quantitative Spectroscopic Methods Majumdar, Z.K., Hickerson, R., Noller, H.F., Clegg, R.M. Journal of Molecular Biology, 2005, 351(5), 1123-1145.
	Acid- and Pressure-Induced (Un)folding of Yeast Glutathione reductase: Competition Between Protein Oligomerization and Aggregation Morais, A.C.S., Chapeaurouge, A., Ferreira, S.T. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 2005, 37(9), 1890-1899.
	A Bioactive Titanium Foam Scaffold for Bone Repair Spoerke, E.D., Murray, N.G., Li, H., Brinson, L.C., Dunand, D.C., Stupp S.I. Acta Biomaterialia, 2005, 1(5), 523-53.
	Effect of Modification of the Length and Flexibility of the Acyl Carrier Protein-Thioesterase Interdomain Linker on Functionality of the Animal Fatty Acid Synthase Joshi, A.K., Witkowski, A., Berman, H.A., Zhang, L., Smith, S. Biochemistry, 2005, 44(10), 4100-4107.
	Site-Directed Fluorescence Labeling Reveals Differences on the R-Conformer of Glucosamine 6-Phosphate Deaminase of Escherichia coli Induced by Active or Allosteric Site Ligands at Steady State Sosa-Peinado, A., Gonzalez-Andrade, M. Biochemistry, 2005, 44(46), 15083-15092.
	Separating the Contribution of Translational and Rotational Diffusion to Protein Association Kuttner, Y.Y., Kozer, N., Segal, E., Schreiber, G., Haran, G. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127(43), 15138-15144.
	Reversible Equilibrium Unfolding of Triosephosphate Isomerase from Trypanosoma cruzi in Guanidinium Hydrochloride Involves Stable Dimeric and Monomeric Intermediates Chanez-Cardenas, M.E., Perez-Hernandez, G., Sanchez-Rebollar, B.G., Costas, M., Vazquez-Contreras, E. Biochemistry, 2005, 44(32), 10883-10892.
	Acyl-Coenzyme A Binding Protein Expression Alters Liver Fatty Acyl-Coenzyme A Metabolism Huang, H., Atshaves, B.P., Frolov, A., Kier, A.B., Schroeder, F. Biochemistry, 2005, 44(30), 10282-10297.
	Structural and Functional Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CmtR, a PbII/CdII-Sensing SmtB/ArsR Metalloregulatory Repressor Wang, Y., Hemmingsen, L., Giedroc, D.P. Biochemistry, 2005, 44(25), 8976-8988.
	Oligomeric State and Mode of Self-Association of Thermotoga maritima Ribosomal Stalk Protein L12 in Solution Moens, P.D.J., Wahl, M.C., Jameson, D.M. Biochemistry, 2005, 44(9), 3298-3305.
	A Detergent-like Mechanism of Action of the Cytolytic Toxin Cyt1A from Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Manceva, S.D., Pusztai-Carey, M., Russo, P.S., Butko, P. Biochemistry, 2005, 44(2), 589-597.
	Domain Study of Bacteriophage P22 Coat Protein and Characterization of the Capsid Lattice Transformation by Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Kang, S., Prevelige, Jr., P.E. Journal of Molecular Biology, 2005, 347(5), 935-948.
	Entamoeba histolytica: Inhibition of Cellular Functions by Overexpression of EhGEF1, a Novel Rho/Rac Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor Aguilar-Rojas, A., Almaraz-Barrera, Mde J., Krzeminski, M., Robles-Flores, M., Hernández-Rivas, R., Guillén, N., Maroun, R.C., Vargas, M. Experimental Parasitology, 2005, 109(3), 150-162.
	Effect of pH and Ionic Strength on the Cytolytic Toxin Cyt1A: a Fluorescence Spectroscopy Study Manceva, S.D., Pusztai-Carey, M., Butko, P. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins & Proteomics, 2004, 1699(1-2), 123-130.
	Inhibition of Yeast Glutathione Reductase by Trehalose: Possible Implications in Yeast Survival and Recovery from Stress Sebollela, A., Louzada, P.R., Sola-Penna, M., Sarone-Williams, V., Coelho-Sampaio, T., Ferreira, S.T. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 2004, 36(5), 900-908.
	Effects of Protein Kinase C Dependent Phosphorylation and a Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy-Related Mutation of Cardiac Troponin I on Structural Transition of Troponin C and Myofilament Activation Kobayashi, T., Dong, W.-J., Burkart, E.M., Cheung, H.C., Solaro, R.J. Biochemistry, 2004, 43(20), 5996-6004.
	Conserved Cysteine 126 in Triosephosphate Isomerase Is Required Not for Enzymatic Activity but for Proper Folding and Stability Gonzalez-Mondragon, E., Zubillaga, R.A., Saavedra, E., Chanez-Cardenas, M.E., Perez-Montfort, R., Hernandez-Arana, A. Biochemistry, 2004, 43(11), 3255-3263.
	Liver Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Colocalizes with Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor and Enhances Ligand Distribution to Nuclei of Living Cells Huang, H., Starodub, O., McIntosh, A., Atshaves, B.P., Woldegiorgis, G., Kier, A.B., Schroeder, F. Biochemistry, 2004, 43(9), 2484-2500.
	The Biotin Repressor: Modulation of Allostery by Corepressor Analogs Brown, P.H., Cronan, J.E., Grøtli, M., Beckett, D. Journal of Molecular Biology, 2004, 337(4), 857-869.
	Detection of Tryptophan to Tryptophan Energy Transfer in Proteins Moens, P.D.J., Helms, M.K., Jameson, D.M. The Protein Journal, 2004, 23(1), 79-83.
	Cdc42 Regulates the Par-6 PDZ Domain through an Allosteric CRIB-PDZ Transition Peterson, F.C., Penkert, R.R., Volkman, B.F., Prehoda, K.E. Molecular Cell, 2004, 13(5), 665-676.
	Time-resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy Studies Show Domain-specific Interactions of Calmodulin with IQ Target Sequences of Myosin V Bayley P., Martin S., Browne P., Royer C. Eur Biophys J., 2003, 32(2), 122-7.
	The 2'-O- and 3'-O-Cy3-EDA-ATP(ADP) Complexes with Myosin Subfragment-1 are Spectroscopically Distinct Oiwa, K., Jameson, D.M., Croney, J.C., Davis, C.T., Eccleston, J.F., Ansonz, M. Biophys. J., 2003, 84, 634-642.
	Persistent Conformational Heterogeneity of Triosephosphate Isomerase: Separation and Characterization of Conformational Isomers in Solution Moreau, V.H., Rietveld, A.W. M., Ferreira, S.T. Biochemistry, 2003, 42(50), 14831-14837.
	Sterol Carrier Protein-2 Selectively Alters Lipid Composition and Cholesterol Dynamics of Caveolae/Lipid Raft vs Nonraft Domains in L-Cell Fibroblast Plasma Membranes Atshaves, B.P., Gallegos, A.M., McIntosh, A.L., Kier, A.B., Schroeder, F. Biochemistry, 2003, 42(49), 14583-14598.
	Ablation of the Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein Gene Decreases Fatty Acyl CoA Binding Capacity and Alters Fatty Acyl CoA Pool Distribution in Mouse Liver Martin, G.G., Huang, H., Atshaves, B.P., Binas, B., Schroeder, F. Biochemistry, 2003, 42(39), 11520-11532.
	The Mechanism of Ras GTPase Activation by Neurofibromin Phillips, R.A., Hunter, J.L., Eccleston, J.F., Webb, M.R. Biochemistry, 2003, 42(13), 3956-3965.
	Structural and Biochemical Characterization of a Fluorogenic Rhodamine-Labeled Malarial Protease Substrate Blackman, M.J., Corrie, J.E., Croney, J.C., Kelly, G., Eccleston, J.F., Jameson, D.M. Biochemistry, 2002, 41, 12244-12252.
	Modulation of Pig Kidney Na+/K+-ATPase Activity by Cholesterol: Role of Hydration Sotomayor, C.P., Aguilar, L.F., Cuevas, F.J., Helms, M.K., Jameson, D.M. Biochemistry, 2000, 39, 10928-10935.

High Pressure Cell Measurements

	Determination of the Activation Volume of PLCβ by Gβγ-Subunits through the Use of High Hydrostatic Pressure Scarlata, S. Biophys. J., 2005, 88, 2867-2874.
	Determination of the Volume Changes for Pressure-Induced Transitions of Apomyoglobin between the Native, Molten Globule, and Unfolded States Vidugiris, G.J.A., Royer, C.A. Biophys. J., 1998, 75, 463-470.

Nanomaterials & Nanotechnology

	Size Controlled Nano Meter Phase Structure in Thin Films of Blend Polythiophene Derivatives Cui, H.-N., Teixeira, V., Zhang, J., Lee, H. Thin Solid Films, 2006, 515(1), 301-306.
	Polymer/Gold Nanoparticle Nanocomposite Light-Emitting Diodes: Enhancement of Electroluminescence Stability and Quantum Efficiency of Blue-Light-Emitting Polymers Park, J.H., Lim, Y.T., Park, O.O., Kim, J.K., Yu, J.-W., Kim, Y.C. Chem. Mater., 2004, 16(4), 688-692.
	Probing Single-Stranded DNA Conformational Flexibility Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy Murphy, M.C., Rasnik, I., Cheng, W., Lohman, T.M., Ha, T. Biophys. J., 2004, 86, 2530-2537.
	Effects of Surface Passivation on Silicon Nanoparticle Photoluminescence Harwell, D.E., Croney, J.C., Qin, W., Thornton, J.T., Day, J.H., Hajime, E.K., Jameson, D.M. Chemistry Letters, 2003, 32(12), 1194-1195.

Pharmaceutical Chemistry

	A High-Throughput Resonance Energy Transfer Assay for Staphylococcus aureus DNA Ligase Benson, E.L., Tomich, P.K., Wolfe, M.L., Choi, G.H., Hagadorn, J.C., Mutchler, V.T., Garlick, R.L. Analytical Biochemistry, 2004, 324(2), 298-300.
	Kinase Inhibitors: Not Just for Kinases Anymore McGovern, S.L., Shoichet, B.K. J. Med. Chem., 2003, 46(8), 1478-1483.

Physical Chemistry

	Blue-green Iridium(III) Emitter and Comprehensive Photophysical Elucidation of Heteroleptic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes. Zanoni, K.P., Kariyazaki, B.K., Ito, A., Brennaman, M.K., Meyer, T.J., Murakami Iha, N.Y. Inorg Chem., 2014, 53(8), 4089-99.
	Photophysical Characterization of [Ir(ppy)2(dmb)][PF6] Towards Application in Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs) Zanoni, K.P., Sanematsu, M., Murakami Iha, N.Y. Inorg Chem, 2014, 43, 162-164.
	On the Use of Theoretical Tools in the Study of Photophysical Properties of the New Eu(fod)3 Complex with Diphenbipy Dos Santos, E.R., dos Santos, M.A., Freire, R.O., Júnior, S.A., Barreto, L.S., de Mesquita, M.E. Chemical Physics Letters, 2006, 418(4-6), 337-341.
	Spectroscopic Properties of the Eu(fod)3Phen–NO Incorporated Carboxylate Glass Beltrão, M.A., Santos, M.L., Mesquita, M.E., Barreto, L.S., da Costa, Jr., N.B., Freire, R.O., dos Santos, M.A.C. Journal of Luminescence, 2006, 116(1-2), 132-138.
	White Light Emission From a Polymer Bilayer by Incomplete Cascade Energy Transfer Park, J.H., Park, O.O., Kim, J.K., Yu, J.-W., Kim, Y.C. Current Applied Physics, 2006, 6(4), 640-643.
	White Polymer Light-Emitting Devices From Ternary-Polymer Blend with Concentration Gradient Park, J.H., Lee, T.-W., Kim, Y.C., Park, O.O., Kim, J.K. Chemical Physics Letters, 2005, 403(4-6), 293-297.
	α-Crystallin Binding in Vitro to Lipids from Clear Human Lenses Grami, V., Marrero, Y., Huang, L., Tang, D., Yappert, M.C., Borchman, D. Experimental Eye Research, 2005, 81(2), 138-146.
	Remote and Adjacent Excited-State Electron Transfer At TiO2 Interfaces Sensitized to Visible Light with Ru(II) Compounds Liu, F., Meyer, G. J. Inorg. Chem., 2005, 44(25), 9305-93.
	Spectroscopic Studies of the Intermolecular Interactions of Congo Red and Tinopal CBS with Modified Cellulose Fibers Yamaki, S.B., Barros, D.S., Garcia, C.M., Socoloski, P., Oliveira, Jr., O.N., Atvars, Langmuir, T.D.Z. 2005, 21(12), 5414-5420.
	Diffusion of a Single Component in a Binary Polymer Blend Upon Annealing Monitored by Fluorescence Microspectroscopy De Andrade, M.L., Atvars, T.D.Z. Macromolecules, 2004, 37(25), 9626-9630.
	Photophysical Study in Blends of Poly(alkyl methacrylate-Co-styrene)/Polystyrene De Andrade, M.L., Atvars, T.D.Z. Macromolecules, 2004, 37(24), 9096-9108.
	Optoelectronic and Photophysical Properties of Polyfluorene Blends as Side-Chain Length and Shape Byun, H. Y., Chung, I. J., Shim, H.-K., Kim, C. Y. Macromolecules, 2004, 37(18), 6945-6953.
	Hole-Transporting Property of a Chemically Hybridized Poly(vinylcarbazole)-Fullerene Park, J.H., Park, O.O., Kim, J., Yu, J.-W., Kim, J.K., Kim, Y.C. Current Applied Physics, 2004, 4(6), 659-662.
	Surface Treatment to Enhance the Quantum Efficiency of Semiconductor Nanocrystals Jang, E., Jun, S., Chung, Y., Pu, L. J. Phys. Chem. B., 2004, 108(15), 4597-4600.
	Dynamic and Static Fluorescence Spectroscopy Applied to Miscibility of Poly(n-butyl methacrylate-co-styrene) with Polystyrene and Morphological Analysis by Epifluorescence Microscopy De Andrade, M.L., Atvars, T.D.Z. J. Phys. Chem. B., 2004, 108(13), 3975-3984.
	Photo and Electroluminescence Studies of Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-9-anthryl methyl methacrylate) De Deus, J.F., Andrade, M.L., Atvars, T.D.Z., Akcelrud, L. Chemical Physics, 2004, 297(1-3), 177-186.
	The Effects of Alkyl Side-Chain Length and Shape of Polyfluorenes on the Photoluminescence Spectra and the Fluorescence Lifetimes of Polyfluorene Blends with Poly(n-vinylcarbazole) Byun, H.Y., Chung, I.J., Shim, H.-K., Kim, C.Y. Chemical Physics Letters, 2004, 393(1-3), 197-203.
	Photophysical Study of a Conjugated-non-Conjugated PPV-Type Electroluminescent Copolymer Machado, A.M., Da Motta Neto, J.D., Cossiello, R.F., Atvars, T.D.Z., Ding, L., Karasz, F.E., Akcelrud, L. Polymer, 2005, 46(8), 2452-2460.
	Enhanced Light Output in Bilayer Light-Emitting Diodes with Film Thickness Variations Park, J.H., Lee, K.-J., Park, O.O., Yu, J.-W., Kim, Y.C., Kim, J.K. Chemical Physics Letters, 2004, 386 (1-3),101-104.
	Orbital Control of the Color and Excited State Properties of Formylated and Fluorinated Derivatives of Azulene Shevyakov, S.V., Li, H., Muthyala, R., Asato, A.E., Croney, J.C., Jameson, D.M., Liu, R.S.H. J. Phys. Chem. A., 2003, 107(18), 3295-3299.
	Immobilized Particle Arrays: Coalescence of Planar- and Suspension-Array Technologies Stevens, P.W., Wang, C. H. J., Kelso, D.M. Anal. Chem., 2003, 75(5), 1141-1146.

Sensors

	Individual Metal Ligands Play Distinct Functional Roles in the Zinc Sensor Staphylococcus aureus CzrA Pennella, M.A., Arunkumar, A.I., Giedroc, D.P. Journal of Molecular Biology, 2006, 356(5), 1124-1136.
	Structural Insights into Homo- and Heterotropic Allosteric Coupling in the Zinc Sensor S. aureus CzrA from Covalently Fused Dimers Lee, S., Arunkumar, A.I., Chen, X., Giedroc, D.P. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128(6), 1937-1947.

Accessories available for PC1

Sample Compartments

We offer a wide range of Sample Compartments, including one-to-four cuvette holders, an HPCell System and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) Flow Cell. Learn more >